Cause and Effects of Smallpox Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedical Dise

Cause and Effects of SmallpoxSmallpox is caused by the variola virus that emerged in human populations thousands of years ago. Smallpox is a specific, infectious, and highly contagious febrile disease known only to be transmitted by humans. It is caused by a virus from air currents which are in conclusion passed on from person to person. Smallpox varies from a mild form without sputter manifestations to a highly fatal hemorrhagic form. Edward Jenner, an English physician, discovered a way of preventing smallpox by dint of vaccination. Gradually mass vaccination programs were introduced in many parts of the world. Smallpox was the first disease conquered by human beings and was eradicated by vaccination. The expire known cases of naturally occurring smallpox were isolated in 1977 in Somalia. Smallpox had been one of the worlds most feared diseases which killed hundreds of millions of people and scarred and blinded millions more.Smallpox, which is caused by variola virus, is a sev ere, often fatal, highly contagious disease. The name smallpox is derived from the Latin word for spotted and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and consistency of an infected person. It is characterized by high fever and distinctive skin rash that frequently leaves permanent deep-pitted scars. Smallpox varies in severity from a mild, difficult-to-recognize form without skin manifestations to a highly fatal hemorrhagic form. From the 15th century through the 18th records of the disease in Europe show its catastrophic effect on the lives of people and the political and economic history of nations. Even survivors were frequently disfigured for life. (Henderson, 1947)Smallpox was caused by a virus that spread from person to person through the air. I... ...revention. However, in the aftermath of the events of September and October, 2001, there is heightened concern that the variola virus might be used as an agent of bioterrorism. For this reason, the U.S. government is taking precautions for relations with a smallpox outbreak. (CDC, 2005).Cause and Effects of Smallpox6ReferencesCenter for Disease Control. (2004,December).Smallpox Disease Overview. Center for Disease Control. Date Retreived http//www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.aspHenderson. D. 1947. beingness Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL Scott Fetzer.Thomas, R. (1907). Variola. The Ecletric Practice of Medcine. Date Retreived July 21, 2005 http//www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/themes/smallpox.htmlWorld Health Organization. Smallpox. World Health Org. July 21, 2005http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/print.html

Defining Writing Style :: Writing Style Styles Essays

Defining carriage In a search for the meaning of true style, I consulted two books on the subject. These texts discord on many levels, but most strikingly are their styles of presentation. Strunk and White, authors of The Elements of Style, lean more towards the rule-book attempt, telling us what to do and when to do it without much explanation. John Williams, on the other hand, uses his book Style Toward Clarity and Grace in almost a lecture form, filled with comparative examples of correct and incorrect ways to approach his stylistic suggestions. While the Strunk and White text is smaller and therefore seems to be the better commemorate by default, its guidelines and helpful hints tend to be vague and frequently contradictory. Williams offers the reader a longer, but manageable, text full of detailed examples and prompts for the reader to test their understanding of his suggestions. When it comes to defining style, Strunk and White can give us no precise definition. They believe that there is no satisfactory explanation of style, no infallible guide to good writing, no assurance that a person who thinks clearly will be able to write clearly (S&W 66). In addition to this statement, Strunk and White, give the beginning writer 21 rules that will help them stripping their style. If I already know these rules (which Strunk and White suggest I do) then they should already be embedded in my style. I shouldnt need to read about them. In truth, I do. Even skilled professional writers need a refresher course on form every now and then. The Elements of Style offers just that, a quick reference guide for refining your style-not defining it. With a contrasting approach, Williams sets his definition of style as something that cannot be directly taught. kinda of giving us rules to follow, Williams presents devises used by graceful writers, what he calls ingredients of a modestly elegant style (Williams 153). As a beginning writer, I embed Williams to be hel pful. I was able to identify and understand where he was coming from. Several of his ingredients were elements that I already try to incorporate into my writing, but now I feel I can do so more seamlessly. One such element, the 4th ingredient in Williams style recipe, is the use of the metaphor.

concept of consciousness :: essays research papers

An individual is somewhere in space-time, and not somewhere else. Except for God, of course, who was invented to instantiate wholly contradictions in blessed harmony. Hes everyplace and everywhen, though at the same time, as it were, not in time or space3. But the upshot of this is that every individual has a point of view, a perspective, and apprehends the world, so far as it can apprehend the world, from somewhere and not nowhere4 (Nagel 1986). If taken in isolation, the feature of being somewhere in particular affects all kinds of individuals, not just humans. But only those individuals that can view something can presumably have a point of view. Thus Searle again Subjectivity has the moreover consequence that all of my conscious forms of intentionality that give me information about the world independent of myself are always from a special point of view. The world itself has no point of view, but my access to the world through my conscious states is always perspectival. (ibid . 95).5 In itself, however, that could be true of any other living thing. Nor is it a fatality to be alive an artificial eye has a point of view. More generally, as shown in the excellent discussion of this subject in (Proust 1997), aspectuality can be seen as a consequence of mere differences of informational channels, and doesnt therefore require any level of consciousness. Perspective might itself be of two kinds. This can be seen by asking Does a still television camera have a genuine point of view? One reason to deny this is that for a still camera there is nothing that corresponds to the difference between locality in time, and locality in space. For a living individual, these pose slightly different problems. For there are different ways in which we might care about the effects of our actions in distant space, and in different times. Time is asymmetrical in this wiz (among others) we care more, or quite differently, about what happens in the future than about what happened in the past. But although the things we care about may, of course, be unevenly distributed, space has no uniformly privileged direction. So temporal perspectivity appears seems to constitute a more serious species of subjectivity than the spatial kind. Now perspectivity is sometimes equated with subjectivity in general, as suggested in the last quotation from Searle above. Yet subjectivity is also associated with the self, and the temporal form of perspectivity actually causes problems for the view that my self is my subjectivity.

Comparing Existentialist Values in The Metamorphosis and The Stranger (The Outsider) :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Metamorphosis and The Stranger - Existentialist Values   Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis and Albert Camus The Stranger, both feature protagonists in situations out of which arise existentialist philosopher values. Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of ones acts . In The Metamorphosis the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, realizes his existentialism towards the end of the novella. In contrast, Monsieur Meursault, the protagonist in The Stranger, knows of his existentialism, unless realizing his lifes lack of meaning moments after he is sentenced to death. Despite the somewhat absurd nature of The Metamorphosis, and the realistic nature of The Stranger, similar values are communicated to the reader. The easiest to pick out being that it is up to the indi vidual to make his/her own life, and that the inhuman behaviour presented by both protagonists will eventually lead to rattling bad things namely death in both novellas. These deaths are, however, very different, as are the methods through which Kafka and Camus have made each novel nothing but a philosophy put into images . Meursault (the narrator) in The Stranger only sees and only wants to see the absolute truth in society. The readers first encounter with him... Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know. I got a telegram from the home fetch deceased. Funeral tomorrow. Faithfully yours. That doesnt mean Anything. Maybe it was yesterday . ...immediately gives an impression of a lack of emotion towards the demise of his mother. This lack of emotion highlights the existentialist ideal that we all die, so it doesnt matter what life we have while we are alive. We simply exist, as did Meursault. It becomes apparent, as the novella unfolds, that Meursault has ac quired an animal like indifference towards society. His interactions with his neighbour Raymond are an exercising of his indifferences. It never dawns upon Meursault that society does not condone his interactions with the pimp, avoided by his community. Meursault simply acts to fill his time. Being a single man, he has a lot of time to fill, and finds the weekends breathing out particularly slowly.

game :: essays research papers

guanine has finally unveiled their new video card based on the Radeon 8500. The Radeon 8500 has been recieving good press from other fall over sites and users with the latest drivers.Gigabyte has decided to jump on the bandwagon and released their 8500 based card with a core/clock of 275/275MHz. The Maya resultant as it depart be called will feature 3.6NS hammer in which is on par with the retail ATI Radeon 8500. It also features Gigabytes V-Tuner which allows temperature monitoring and overclocking. This should allow users to monitor temperatures of the Graphics Card more accurately then when mensurable with devices such as a Compunurse. Gigabyte Announces All New Graphics card Called ?g MAYA Serial ?h With ATi GPUGigabyte has always concentrated the efforts in bringing top-of-the-line and admirable product to the global grocery. MAYA Serial 3D graphics accelerator, the masterpiece with newly released ATi Chipset, offers numerously genius designs and utilities you have never seen. It also supports high-speed DDR SD tug retrospect?iAP Serial?j, ensured a outstanding 3D graphics performance even in the high loading of 3D Applications or 3D multi-work. As the MAYA Serial required a better heatsink, not surprisingly the card is fitted with a bigger fan-sink as well as heatsinks High performance on the RAM module?iAP/AR Serial?jto make the overclocked components run as stable as possible.All MAYA Serial utilizes the recently announced DirectX 8.x driver, providing unprecedented levels of 3D wager performance and living quality, enable users to experience a rich 3D environment.Gigabyte patented graphics accelerator driver / V-Tuner UtilityIn collection to meet market requirement, the patented driver included a driver interface specific designed for MAYA Serial graphics accelerators called ?gV-Tuner?h. When users install the V-Tuner, the driver painting will be appeared and exists in the desktop. As long as you right click the icon, V-Tuner will generate a full-function optional menu immediately.game essays search papers Gigabyte has finally unveiled their new video card based on the Radeon 8500. The Radeon 8500 has been recieving good press from other review sites and users with the latest drivers.Gigabyte has decided to jump on the bandwagon and released their 8500 based card with a core/clock of 275/275MHz. The Maya Serial as it will be called will feature 3.6NS ram which is on par with the retail ATI Radeon 8500. It also features Gigabytes V-Tuner which allows temperature monitoring and overclocking. This should allow users to monitor temperatures of the Graphics Card more accurately then when measured with devices such as a Compunurse. Gigabyte Announces All New Graphics card Called ?g MAYA Serial ?h With ATi GPUGigabyte has always concentrated the efforts in bringing top-of-the-line and admirable product to the global market. MAYA Serial 3D graphics accelerator, the masterpiece with newly released ATi Chipset, offers numer ously genius designs and utilities you have never seen. It also supports high-speed DDR SDRAM memory?iAP Serial?j, ensured a outstanding 3D graphics performance even in the high loading of 3D Applications or 3D multi-work. As the MAYA Serial required a better heatsink, not surprisingly the card is fitted with a bigger fan-sink as well as heatsinks High performance on the RAM module?iAP/AR Serial?jto make the overclocked components run as stable as possible.All MAYA Serial utilizes the recently announced DirectX 8.x driver, providing unprecedented levels of 3D game performance and animation quality, enable users to experience a rich 3D environment.Gigabyte patented graphics accelerator driver / V-Tuner UtilityIn order to meet market requirement, the patented driver included a driver interface specific designed for MAYA Serial graphics accelerators called ?gV-Tuner?h. When users install the V-Tuner, the driver icon will be appeared and exists in the desktop. As long as you right click the icon, V-Tuner will generate a full-function optional menu immediately.

game :: essays research papers

sarin has finally unveiled their new video card based on the Radeon 8500. The Radeon 8500 has been recieving good press from other review sites and users with the latest drivers. gramme has decided to spring up on the bandwagon and released their 8500 based card with a core/clock of 275/275MHz. The Maya Serial as it will be called will feature 3.6NS break up which is on equality with the retail ATI Radeon 8500. It also features gms V-Tuner which allows temperature monitoring and overclocking. This should allow users to monitor temperatures of the Graphics Card more accurately then when measured with devices such as a Compunurse. Gigabyte Announces All New Graphics card Called ?g MAYA Serial ?h With ATi GPUGigabyte has always concentrated the efforts in bringing top-of-the-line and estimable product to the spheric market. MAYA Serial 3D graphics accelerator, the masterpiece with newly released ATi Chipset, offers numerously genius designs and utilities you have never seen. I t also supports high-speed DDR SDRAM memory?iAP Serial?j, ensured a outstanding 3D graphics performance even in the high loading of 3D Applications or 3D multi-work. As the MAYA Serial required a better heatsink, non surprisingly the card is fitted with a bigger fan-sink as well as heatsinks High performance on the RAM module?iAP/AR Serial?jto commit the overclocked components run as stable as possible.All MAYA Serial utilizes the recently announced DirectX 8.x driver, providing unprecedented levels of 3D game performance and spirit quality, enable users to take in a rich 3D environment.Gigabyte patented graphics accelerator driver / V-Tuner UtilityIn order to meet market requirement, the patented driver included a driver interface specific designed for MAYA Serial graphics accelerators called ?gV-Tuner?h. When users install the V-Tuner, the driver icon will be appeared and exists in the desktop. As long as you right click the icon, V-Tuner will generate a full-function optional menu immediately.game essays research papers Gigabyte has finally unveiled their new video card based on the Radeon 8500. The Radeon 8500 has been recieving good press from other review sites and users with the latest drivers.Gigabyte has decided to jump on the bandwagon and released their 8500 based card with a core/clock of 275/275MHz. The Maya Serial as it will be called will feature 3.6NS ram which is on par with the retail ATI Radeon 8500. It also features Gigabytes V-Tuner which allows temperature monitoring and overclocking. This should allow users to monitor temperatures of the Graphics Card more accurately then when measured with devices such as a Compunurse. Gigabyte Announces All New Graphics card Called ?g MAYA Serial ?h With ATi GPUGigabyte has always concentrated the efforts in bringing top-of-the-line and admirable product to the global market. MAYA Serial 3D graphics accelerator, the masterpiece with newly released ATi Chipset, offers numerously genius designs an d utilities you have never seen. It also supports high-speed DDR SDRAM memory?iAP Serial?j, ensured a outstanding 3D graphics performance even in the high loading of 3D Applications or 3D multi-work. As the MAYA Serial required a better heatsink, not surprisingly the card is fitted with a bigger fan-sink as well as heatsinks High performance on the RAM module?iAP/AR Serial?jto make the overclocked components run as stable as possible.All MAYA Serial utilizes the recently announced DirectX 8.x driver, providing unprecedented levels of 3D game performance and animation quality, enable users to experience a rich 3D environment.Gigabyte patented graphics accelerator driver / V-Tuner UtilityIn order to meet market requirement, the patented driver included a driver interface specific designed for MAYA Serial graphics accelerators called ?gV-Tuner?h. When users install the V-Tuner, the driver icon will be appeared and exists in the desktop. As long as you right click the icon, V-Tuner will generate a full-function optional menu immediately.

Defining the Humanities

Defining the Humanities Defining the Humanities The purpose of this paper is to differentiate the humanities from other modes of human inquiry and expression. I go away define the humanities of a cultural event of medicine and how music was an expression of what I know about the humanities, art, style, genius, and culture from the 60s. I will also discuss how the music of the 60s compares with other forms I know about from the same period.One of the definitions of humanities, according to the American Heritage Dictionary, is Those branches of knowledge, such as philosophy, literature, and art, that are bear on with human thought and culture the liberal arts. Culture is a big part of humanities. Culture, as defined by the American Heritage Dictionary, is the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and other products of human work and thought. These patterns, traits, and products considered as the expression of a particular period, class, com munity, or population (American heritage dictionary, 2000). symphony is an artistic form of punishing communication via musical instruments and voice that produce sounds and tones. Music is as old as mankind and cultures past and present maintain music. The oldest known song dates okay 4,000 years ago and was written in ancient cuneiform. Cuneiform is a character or characters formed by the arrangement of small wedge-shaped elements and employ in ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian writing (American heritage dictionary, 2000).The certainty of how or when the first musical instrument was invented, however, some historians point to early flutes made from creature bones that are at least 37,000 years old (Bellis, 2010). The music of the 60s in America is the humanities or culture of the American people of that era. Many changes going on in the 60s including revolutionary changes, extraordinary levels of sexual freedom among youths, and revolting teenager s like no one has ever seen before. Music has consistently been influenced by the trends of its sentence reflecting the politics, economics, and lifestyles that exist.The Baby Boomer generation lived during a time when war had a powerful impact on everyones life. Drugs became, perhaps, one of the most influential variables apparent in the music of the 60s. In the early 1960s a band named the Byrds and guys like Dylan changed the way many people looked at music. These bands started an underground wave that flowed throughout the 60s, this became known as the Psychedelic Era. This era introduced drugs to be an important aspect involved in the creation of the music, and was used by the listeners to enhance their experience.Bands such as the Byrds and Grateful Dead started experimenting with such drugs as LSD, marijuana, and acid. They believed that drugs could help them create music that would blow the music of the fifties away, and it did (The music of the sixtiesthe psychedelic era, 1998). The music of the 60s came in many styles. Some of the genres of the era are Soft rocknroll, (also referred to as mellow rock, light rock, or sluttish rock) is a style of music that uses the techniques of rock and roll (often combined with elements from folk rock and singer-songwriter pop) to compose a softer, more toned-down sound for listening.Soft rock songs generally fly the coop to focus on themes like love, everyday life, and relationships (Soft rock, 2010). aphonic rock modify rock and roll (blues, country, and gospel singing), adding to the standard genre harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs (A short rhythmic phrase), bombastic (long winded) drumming and louder vocals (Hard rock, 2010). Country rock formed from the fusion of rock with country (Country rock, 2010). Folk rock combine elements of folk music and rock music (Folk rock, 2010).Punk rock They created fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation, and often politic al, anti-establishment lyrics (Punk rock, 2010). appal rock is a wide umbrella term for artists who combine rock music with elements of theatrical shock value in live performances (Shock rock, 2010). one shot and Blues (RB), Soul, Funk Influenced by RB (Rhythm and blues, 2010). Many artists musical roots come from gospel. For example, Elvis Presley started out singing gospel when he was only a few years old later moving onto Rock and Roll (Nite, 1974, p. 95). The art in America of the 60s was influenced by the go for to move into the modern age or future that the space age seemed to forecast. As with the music of the 60s, drugs had an influence on some of the art of the 60s. This art came to be known as psychedelic art (ex. Brummbaer). Major works by Alexander Calder (mobiles and sculpture) or Helen Frankenthaler (non-representational art) showed a desire to escape from details to interpret. Artists wanted to renovate the viewer to leap into the unknown and experience art in th eir own way.A new artist who appeared was Andy Warhol, a leading name in pop art. early(a) forms evolving during this time were assemblage art, op art (or optical art) (ex. Vasarely), or kinetic abstraction (ex. Marcel Duchamp), environmental art (ex. Robert Smithson), and pop art, (ex. David Hockney) (Goodwin, 2009). In conclusion, humanities or cultures have been around since the beginning of mankind. Cultures can be estranged in their beliefs hence the creation of new cultures. Music, dance, theater, art, literature, or other cultures can change over time trough many influential channels.For example, the way the war and drugs influence the cultures of the 60s with the songs of war protests and psychedelic art. When changes come about the changes will usually have an effect on the, music, dance, theater, art, literature, or other cultures of the era. The one thing mankind can count on through the years, decades, centuries, and millennium is change.References American heritage dic tionary. (4th ed. ). (2000). Chicago, IL Houghton Mifflin Company. Bellis, M. (2010). Inventing musical instruments. Retrieved from http//inventors. bout. com/od/mstartinventions/tp/musicalinstrument. htm Country rock. (2010). In Country rock. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Country_rock Folk rock. (2010). In Folk rock. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Folk_rock Goodwin, S. (2009). American cultural history 1960 1969. Retrieved from http//kclibrary. lonestar. edu/decade60. html Hard rock. (2010). In Hard rock. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hard_rock Nite, N. N. (1974). Rock on. New York, NY Thomas Y. Crowell. Punk rock. (2010). In Punk rock. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from Rhythm and blues. (2010). In Rhythm and blues. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues Shock rock. (2010). In Shock rock. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Shock_rock Soft rock. (2 010). In Soft rock. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Soft_rock The music of the sixtiesthe psychedelic era. (1998). Retrieved from http//library. thinkquest. org/21342/text/1960. htm

Cultural Research Paper

Final Cultural Research Paper Throughout this course, we have learned that the primary mode of subsistence (how a shade makes a living) impacts many otherwise aspects of cultural behavior and has been an effective way to organize thoughts and studies about culture. In order to demonstrate your understanding of subsistence modes and its impact on a culture and wherefore a culture acts as it does, your Research Paper will require you to 1. Select a specific culture from the following list a. Basseri of Iran . The Batek of Malaysia c. Enga d. The Amish e. Huaorani of Ecuador f. Bedouin g. Zulu h. Kurds i. Maori j. Mbuti k. Nayar of India l. Semai m. Navajo n. Tikopia of Melanesia 2. Research this culture using the Ashford University Online Library. Please identify and use a minimum of three scholarly articles from the library in addition to the text your research. Keep in approximation that most anthropological research, whether article length or book length, is either an ethnograph y or an ethnology.You may use any combination of ethnographies or ethnologies in your paper. 3. Write a seven to eighter page long research paper that does the following a. Identifies and classifies the selected cultures primary mode of subsistence. ( Foragers, Horticulturalists, Pastoralists, Emerging Agriculturalists, agricultural States, or Industrialists) b. Analyzes and evaluates the impact that the primary mode of subsistence of the selected culture has on at least three of the following aspects of culture ?Beliefs and values ?Economic organization ? sex activity relations ?Kinship ?Political organization ?Sickness and healing ?Social change ?Social organization The Research Paper must be formatted gibe to APA style and include a title and a reference page (which does not count towards the page length). For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, within the accomplishment Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar.In Week Three, you are required to submit an introductory paragraph, thesis statement, an outline, and your properly formatted reference page with the required sources identified. At that point, you should have chosen your culture and identified its primary mode of subsistence. Writing the Research Paper The Research Paper 1. Must be seven to eight double-spaced pages in length, and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. 2. Must include a title page with the following

Commerce: Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay

In order to maintain social order and stability, people create a lot of rules to conduct the peoples behavior. A crack of these rules of conduct is included in the scope of the law, which postulate the coercive power of the country to protect its implementation. The other part belongs to the moral category, and it needs to rely on self-reflection and intervention of public opinion which can assurance its implementation. The business ethics is a part of commerce office, and it is also a part of moral rules.Commercial activity is one of the most historic activities in benignant society, and whether the mercenary activity can run orderly have a tremendous impact on a society. A responsible commerce should fully consider the moral responsibility. Abramov (2007) said that The enterprise is closely related to the profits, in order to establish the basic responsibility of the enterprise, it should strengthen the full range of responsibility and cultivate culture which concentrates on responsibility.This essay will firstly transgress a brief description on the responsible commerce. Following this, it will discuss on the utileism theory and its relation to the responsible commerce. After that, it will phthisis the utilitarianism theory to analyze a case. Finally, it will give a reflection about the study. A brief introduction of the responsible commerce As a part of the social system, the responsibility of commerce attracts more and more attention.This concern not tho comes from the theoretical areas, but also comes from the groups related to the enterprise and the stakeholders. How to take care the implementation of the responsibility of the enterprise, and make it give a greater contribution to the society when it gets benefit from the society are the hot spots. An enterprise is rooted in the society, it is impossible to be an isolated body, and it must have a broad contact with the society, then it is necessary to undertake the corresponding responsibilit ies.In general, according to Jeremy (1789), the responsibility of commerce should include three facial expressions economic responsibility, social responsibility and ethical responsibility. The economic responsibility refers to the economic interests that the enterprise pursuit and want to make the benefits of investors maximize. through with(predicate) the process of accumulation investment, profitability, reinvestment and re-profitability, the enterprise will grow and have a healthy development. The social responsibility should include internal and external aspects.The internal aspect refers to establish an effective monitoring mechanism, which is both responsible for the staff, but also responsible for the society. The external aspect includes three elements, first is to provide tax for the government, this is the important social responsibility for the enterprise. The second is to make efforts for the social harmony. It means that the commerce should provide employment opportu nities for the community, should protect the ecological environment, and safeguard the interests of shareholders.The third is to provide the case products and goods to the market. This responsibility relates to peoples lives and health, and also relates to the normal operation of the society. Peter (1981) said that the ethical responsibility is moral responsibility, unlike social responsibility, it is the voluntary acts. The enterprise should undertake these three responsibilities, and play its role for the rapid and stable development of the society and economic. The utilitarianism theoryThe utilitarianism can be said as an ethical theory, which believes that the comme il faut meet is the one which can maximize the felicity of all the people. It can be also regarded as a form of the consequentialism, it means that every action has a moral worth, and it is determined only by the outcome of the resulting, people can only know all the consequences of the action, and then can weigh the morality. The snapper of utilitarianism is principle of the superlative merriment of most people. The in-person interests can not be separated from the interests of others.Frederick (2003) said that the utilitarianism can be accepted by human beings because of the profit nature of human. Therefore, the principle of utility is necessary to consider the personal interests and the interests of others, and also consider the interests of the stakeholders. Mill (2004) inherited Benthams predilection of the greatest happiness principle, and pointed out that it should develop ethics according to the utilitarian purpose, in compliance with these codes of ethics, it will get the best interests of the overwhelming majority of people.Mills thinking makes utilitarianism which only stresses the effect of utilitarian change into the principle which not only stresses the effect, but also pays attention on the guidelines of the ethics. Kelly (1990) said that the essence of the utilitarian ism is that it affirms the necessity of achieving personal interests, and also provides that realizing the overall interests is premise and precondition of personal interests. The one-sided pursuit of personal interests is a narrow utilitarian concept, which can be extended to the utilitarian concept of the modern commerce.It can be concluded that some commercialised operators with narrow utilitarian view will have one-sided espouse the commercial interests, the utilitarian view of modern commercial operators should maintain and achieve the overall interests of stakeholders and collective. Application of utilitarianism theory to analysis the company of Sanlu It has been reported that in China, the incident of Sanlu milk is a typical manmade disaster. From last year, the company of Sanlu began to receive the consumer complaints.To August 1 when the experts make the conclusion on the milk, then to September 8, the municipal government of Shi Jiazhuang gave a report to the government of Hebei Province. During the half year, the unspoken rule which is known by every one is not timely broken, and the company of Sanlu did not take measures to lessen the damage and the losses. The incident of Sanlu reflects the corporate ethics and social responsibility, which are concerned by many people. In order to pursue the profit and gain the sordid wealth, a small number of enterprises ignore peoples health and even people life, the corporate moral is decay.The unscrupulous milk traders seek profits, so they devoid of conscience, and mix the milk with melamine. The management of the company lack of responsibility, and neglect lives and safety of people. The relevant department has also developed a number of systems to take with the incident. But these systems are not specific. The incident of Sanlu milk lacks the system of third party testing. And the regulatory powers is own by the company, the profit make the system fail, and which conk to the fail regulation.George (2 005) said that the reason why the company should fulfill the responsibility is neither because the company faces many ethical dilemmas and moral hazard, nor because the ethics can be regarded as the effective tools which can help company achieve the economic purpose. The most fundamental is that the responsibility is the core values of the modern enterprises, which has a spare meaning and civilized significance. There are many reasons which can lead to the unethical behaviors and the shady transactions, but the most main reason which can scram unethical behavior is too much emphasis on the execution.So the company should correct the idea of too much emphasis on the performance and also qualify the performance. When it seeks to the purpose of self-interest, it should also establish a business concept of altruism. The company of Sanlu should have the responsibility, it should aware that the development of the company is not only for profit, but also for the fulfillment of a moral. It can use the scientific management to combine the interests of the company and the social responsibility. The company should use the greatest happiness principle as a guidance, which can make our society more harmonious.The greatest happiness principle is an abstract concept, when using this idea to make the commercial decisions, it will often encounter the problem that the interests of all parties can not easy to achieve the largest. So the company should fully balance the interests and realize the greatest happiness of most people. Conclusion The modern commercial operators use the greatest happiness principle as its core of utilitarian, which break the western traditional idea of utilitarian, which pursues the maximize the self-interests and the interests of the stakeholders.The principle affirms both the interests of the main groups which include the merchants and the staff, and the interests of consumers. It also affirms the interests of the society. It means that it combines the interests of individuals and others, the interests of organizations and nation, society. From the sources of the theory, it reflects the unity of the commerce and moral, and also reflects the combination of benefits and fair. It is more suitable for the modern society. In short, to make a business decision with ethical aspects, it should let the decision have the support of ethical standards.Bernard (1973) said that from the view of utilitarian, it is necessary to meet the requirements of the stakeholders who pursue maximize of the benefits. Walters (2008) believed that if the business decision has the support of ethical standards, it can be said that it have the ethics, and then the company can avoid the risk of commercial ethics, and can also bear the ethical responsibility which the commercial operators should undertake, and this company can be regarded as a responsible commerce.

The United States Illegal Immigration Dilemma

The United States throughout its history has been built by the hard work and contributions of immigrants. in-migration has always been a vital part of the development of this nation from Colonial days until now however, Illegal Immigrations has become an appear that is not just discussed by the politicians in Washington, DC and those Border States that ar been affected well-nigh by it. The issue of Illegal Immigration over the last decade or so is now an issue that seems to be affecting more aspects of the Nation than most seem to be awargon of.Illegal immigration has the United facing a situation that it has not had to deal with in over two centuries. The issue of hot immigration is poses several questions that need to be addressed how did we get ourselves in the predicament that we be in? Was it the Government Policies and Laws that were or are not being enforced? Maybe, the deficiency of border security or could those employers who hire known illegal immigrants be the cause . Another, topic that needs to be address when considering the dilemma facing the US is What impact does Illegal Immigration have on the countries overall Economic administration?How does this riddle affect our Health Care System, our Educational Systems and enjoyment opportunities for legal Tax-paying citizens? The most important topic of all is what is a workable solution to the problem of Illegal Immigration? What type of Immigration refine will work for all parties involved? Will allowing States to come up with their own legalitys, instead of relying on the Federal Laws be the right answer, or will revising the 14th Amendment, or Amnesty is the solution?Congress major intent when creating Immigration Laws and Policies twain early in US history and recently was to accomplish the several goals First, to reunite families by aimting immigrants who already have family members living in the United States. Second, seeks to admit workers with specific skills and to fill positions in occupations deemed to be experiencing labor shortages. Third, it attempts to provide a refuge for people who face the risk of political, racial, or religious persecution in their uncouth of origin.Finally, it seeks to ensure diversity by providing admission to people from countries with historically low rates of immigration to the United States (Congressional Budget Office, 2006 p. 8) however, there are others actions, or lack of action by disposal agencies that seem to counteract the very intent of the laws and policies created. One physical exertion is the lack of funding and enforcement of our countries border security brass. Another ideal is the non-enforcement of laws and policies governing employers who knowing hire illegal immigrants.Statements exchangeable the following by then President Bush, sums up the US governments state of mind and the countrys National Interest equaling the Illegal Immigration issue the U. S needs more cheap labor from south of the border t o do the jobs Americans arent free to do, there are uncalculated address involved in the importation of such labor public support and uninsured medical costs (Costs of Immigration, 2007, para. 1). Illegal Immigrations impact on the US economy can be seen in the following areas Our Health Care System, our Education System and in Employment Opportunities for legal citizens.The net fiscal cost of immigration ranges from $11 billion to $22 billion per year, with most government expenditures on immigrants coming from state and topical anaesthetic coffers, while most taxes paid by immigrants go to the federal official treasury. The net deficit is caused by a low level of tax payments by immigrants, because they are disproportionately low-skilled and thus earn low wages, and a higher rate of consumption of government serve, both because of their relative poverty and their higher fertility. This is especially rightful(a) of illegal immigration.Even though illegal aliens make little us e of welfare, from which they are generally barred, the costs of illegal immigration in terms of government expenditures for education, criminal justice, and emergency medical perplexity are significant. California has estimated that the net cost to the state of providing government services to illegal immigrants approached $3 billion during a single fiscal year. The fact that states must bear the cost of federal failure turns illegal immigration, in cause, into single of the largest unfunded federal mandates.Yet we windlessness have those who believe that illegal immigrants do not have an adverse effect on the economy (Center for Immigration Studies, 2006, para. 1). The Health Care system here in the US has probably seen the biggest impact of illegal immigration when looking at the overall picture and considering the dilemma as a whole. An warning of these effect in Texas is the statement made by Rick Alleyer, director of research for the Health and Human Services Commission, said illegal immigrant health care mostly emergency hospital care cost the state over $100 million last year (Illegal Immigrant Care, 2010, para. 5).Throughout the country in states like Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California hospitals have had to either closing their doors completely or file bankruptcy because of federally mandated programs requiring free emergency room services to all illegal immigrants. The effects of illegal immigration on the US educational systems may not be as profound as they are for the health care system, the impact is noticeable enough for educators, politicians and state governments to consider when they receive yearly reports of how poorly their schools are performing, the increase in student population, and how the cost of education continues to increase.According to Edwin Rubenstein, Immigrant children are poorer than native-born children, and their phone numbers have increased far faster. At least 19 percent of all K-12 enrollments are the fo rce of immigration. In excess of 9. 2 million are immigrants or the children of immigrants. Because of their lack of language abilities, they take 25 percent of funding. Out of $499. 1 billion in the 2008 school year, $125 billion was spent on foreign born children (Illegal Alien Education Impact, 2008, par. 7).Notice this was just considering secondary schools in the state of California. thither are numerous states and schools that are rewarding illegal immigrants for enrolling in the schools, yet they are denying the same subsidies to lawful students or legal immigrants. The ever increasing number of illegal immigrants flowing into the US every month plays a dramatic role in displacing American workers, over the past five years it is estimated that 1 million legal citizens have been replaced by immigrants allow to come this country on work visas.Another area for concern pertaining to illegal immigration and its effect on employment opportunities is, the trend among illegal immigra nts changing from the traditional few industrial area and parts of the country, integrating themselves into all sectors of the economy throughout the nation. The concern here is the increasing widespread demand for their labor. Having discussed round of the areas that our country are faced with, and most do something about, we now will look at some possible solutions on how to deal with this dilemma.Realizing that Immigration Reform is must do, what areas need to be addressed, and what adjustments need to be made is the question at hand. One of the more Immigration Laws and Policies that has been created over the years is the 14th Amendment and the anchor baby concept. This amendment has been in the news and on the mouths of politicians almost as much as Immigration Reform itself. The question that needs to be addressed is will amending this amendment provide enough assistance to drastically decrease the flow of illegal immigrants into the country?If we look at the direct effects that the 14th amendment has on the country some feel very strong about amending this amendment. For example some believe that rescinding the citizenship of anchor babies American hospitals welcome anchor babiesAnchor babies are citizens, and instantly qualify for public welfare aid Between 300,000 and 350,000 anchor babies annually become citizens because of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. fundamental law All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the State wherein they reside. (Illegal aliens threaten U.S. economic system, 2008, para. 12).The concept of undivided states enacting their own laws and initiatives could be the short term solution. Arizonas AZ SB 1070 law, even though not fully implemented, is one such example of states taking matters into their own hands not waiting on the Federal government to enforce the laws they created. Arizona Senator Russell Pearce (2010) characteri zes the illegal immigration problem as one of invasion and quotes the Constitution The United States shall guarantee that every State of this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion (p. ).Arizona is not the only state that has come up with laws to help deal with the illegal immigration population in their states you have states like Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, and Oklahoma. The state of California has a bill that has begun the signature process, the California Taxpayer Protection Act of 2010, Initiative 09-0010. This bill is for real world citizens, The people of California have an opportunity to curb the illegal immigration. Many in California may not have seen the grass lately, but weve been seeding our roots (Dvorak, 2009, p. )The Illegal Immigration Amnesty bill was signed into law by President Reagan in 1986 in an effort to provide forbearance to illegal immigrants that entered the country before 1982. The intent was to be tighter s ecurity on the borders and stricter penalties for employers hiring undocumented workers. Needles to say, this law seem to accomplish the exact opposite.There are some who believe that with the proper oversight and funding this could prove to be a viable solution to the illegal immigration problem that the U. S. aces today. There are also those who believe that the Amnesty Law is a major cause of illegal immigration, more immigrants believe that once they get here to the U. S. they will qualify for amnesty in a matter of time. Many in California believe the federal government has dropped the immigration ball over the last 40 years. In Washington D. C. they have a few nicknames reform is code word for amnesty (Dvorak, 2009, p. 2) It is without a doubt that the US was founded on immigration and its many contributions over the years.The dilemma that we face today brings into question if the laws and policies of the past are serving their mean purposes, if they are still beneficial to the country, and if there are new laws that need to be created to address some of the issues that have been created because illegal immigration. Even though actual numbers of illegal immigrants were not discussed because of inaccurate data the issues concerning how did we get to this point what are the impacts of illegal immigration on the countries social and economic systems, and probably the ost the most import issue is what are we going to do about it.The solution to this dilemma should include, not just the enforcement, of the policies and laws established but, it should also make sure they are properly funded as well. The solution should contain initiatives that address those topics that negative effect the country as well as initiative that reward positive effects of illegal immigration keeping in mind the countries national security and national interests in mind.Referenceshttp//www.redstate.com/renny/2010/08/17/az-sen-russell-pearce-on-his-states-immigration-law-and-the-re st-of-us/http//www.theamericanresistance.com/articles/art2005mar13.htmlhttp//www.rense.com/general81/illega.htm

What Drive Individuals to Commit Crime

Every umbrage is the result of individual, physical and social conditions. (Ferri, 1893). In Thinking seriously about aversion Jock Young described crime as a product of the undersocialisation of the individual. This can be a result of (a) an innate familial or physiological incapacity of the individual to be substantially socialised (b) a family background which was ineffective in the use of socialisation techniques in its child-rearing practices (c) a social setting which lacked coherent and consistent consensual value. This statement nicely introduces this essay, as all the main aspects that lead people in to crime will be discussed.Drugs are constantly the issue of burning government and political debate. Drugs and Alcohol are major factors in why people trust crime. An individual may be dealing in drugs to play money they may commit crimes to feed their habit or they may just use drugs for recreational use. All these are practices are illegal. In the united States of Ame rica the number of inmates and pri boyers has much than than tripled since 1980. Four out of every five got there with the help of drugs and alcohol, says a report released by the National Centre on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. The report says Of 1.7 million prisoners in 1996, 1.4 million had violated drug or alcohol laws. They had been under the influence when they committed their crimes, they had stolen to support their habit or had a history of drug or alcohol abuse that led them to commit crimes.In The Drugs-Crime Connection fast one Ball discusses the criminality of heroin addicts. There is a general agreement among criminologists that an increase in criminality commonly occurs following the onset of heroin dependency. Ball goes on to present the results of a survey conducted on a large group of heroin addicts and their activities whilst on and off heroin. The results are quite epoch-making and clearly show that more crimes were committed whilst on heroin. It is important to none that most of the crimes reported were for theft and that drug use or possession was non classified as a crime. This is hardly surprising. Drug addiction is expensive.But have these people been propelled in to crime or are they committing crime by their receive choice? It was most likely that they chose to take heroin but eventually could not come off it. They were then forced, because of their addiction, to go out and commit crime. So in a way they were propelled in to committing crime. But the question should be asked What propelled them in to taking drugs?Are individuals who grow up or operate in poverty propelled in to committing crime? It is veritable that individuals who await in poverty are more prone to committing crime than individuals who live in opulence. examine crime figures for different areas will clearly show that. But do individuals who live in poverty only commit crime for financial chance on? The fact that money is not in ab undance is not a just reason to commit crime. There are many people who live in less privileged areas that do not commit crime. So what is the main reason why a person will commit crime?An Individuals genteelness surely plays the most portentous part in determining how they will turn out in life. An article published by Reuters in 1998 discussed the effects absent fathers had on children Sons with absent fathers are more likely to be jailed. When a father is not present in the piazza, his son is twice as likely to end up in jail, according to a new study by Cynthia Harper of the University of Pennsylvania and Sara S. McLanahan of Princeton University. Tracking a sample of 6,000 males ages 14 to 22 from 1979 to 1993, the sociologists also found that even after accounting for differences due to race, income and educationThe boys who grow up with a stepfather in the home were more at risk than those with an absent father, with roughly three times greater risk of captivity than thos e who live with both their parents. Young men whose parents divorcement during their adolescence were roughly one and a half times as likely to wind up in jail as children from intact families faring slightly correct than boys who were born to single mothers. While whites have lower rates of father absenteeism than blacks, white youths whose families split are at a higher risk of incarceration than their black peers. The presence of live-in grandparents in households without fathers appears to help improve youths chances of avoiding incarceration, the study found.The lack of a decent role model in a childs upbringing can cause many problems. When a child is growing up he/she needs discipline. They need to know what is right and what is wrong. Discipline is best administered by both parents and not just the mother. The statistic above clearly show how detrimental an absent father is to a child but other homes have fathers who, although present, did not nurture their children, or p rovide basic instruction on establishing healthy boundaries.Child abuse is found in families at every income. It is much more common at the lower income levels. Children who grow up in violent homes tend to use violence when they become adults in marriage and as parents. to each one generation directly affects its descendants and indirectly influences later generations in the same family line. If a child grew up in an abusive household and later went on to commit violent crime, would his upbringing be a major factor? From the evidence presented here it can be concluded that an individuals upbringing has a significant influence on their life. So an individual can be propelled in to crime. But perhaps he/she still has to be a certain token of person? Can people be born bad?The possibility that genetic research might identify genes for criminal Tendencies has stimulated intense controversy. Media post in the case of Stephen Thomas Mobley in which a genetic defence was pursued, toget her with News coverage of a conference in London in 1995 on The Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviour, brought the question of a link between genetics and Criminal behaviour to wide public attention. Mobley was convicted in February 1994 of the murder of John Collins and sentenced to death.Inspired by patterns of aggression in the Mobley family tree, his lawyers attempted to put together a genetic defence, not in forecast of an acquittal, but to try to have the sentence reduced from death to life imprisonment (Mobley vs. The State 1995). The defence claims that there is a pattern of aggression and transaction success in Mobleys ancestry that suggests a relevant genetic underlying for his criminal behaviour.In Mobleys case the jury rejected the genetic defence. Whatever the merits of that particular case, might the findings of Behavioural Genetics provide any grounds for a legal defence? Since then a steady make of Newspaper articles and television documentaries have refle cted continuing interest and concern over the suggestion that criminals might be born, not made. The nature/nurture debate rages on in many channels, but amongst psychologists and geneticists it is largely resolved that both are important.There are two possible theses of Genetic Determinism. Firstly there is low-cal Genetic Determinism which suggests genetics has a role in the causation of a range of Behavioural and/or face-to-faceity traits, such as aggression, dominance and IQ which are relevant to criminality. Secondly there is Strong Genetic Determinism which suggests genetics is a causally sufficient condition (under normal circumstances) for a range of behavioural and/or personality traits that Lead to criminality.But can an individuals genes lead to a life in crime? Are they the main contributing factor? wakeful genetic determinism seems to be the more plausible theory. Strong genetic determinism would suggest that there exists something like a Murderer gene or a bank buil ding robber gene. We clearly know this not to be true. We would then see a more even spread of crime throughout the domain if this were so.The premise that genes contribute towards persons outcome in life can be accepted. If an individual has genes which make them highly aggressive then that person would be more prone to violent situations than a person whose genes make them a less aggressive person. The same would apply to IQ and dominance. However, it is sensible to say that not equal is known about genetics to make these theories solid fact but enough is known to show that genes can influence a person when certain situations exist. It is therefore safe to conclude that an individual is not propelled in to crime because of his genes, they can only influence him.This essay has looked at many possible reasons why individuals are propelled in to committing crime. We know that individuals upbringing is clearly a large factor in determining an individuals outcome in life. When an ind ividual is being brought up he/she are taught what is right and wrong by their parents.The data shown in this essay clearly shows the detrimental effect that absent parents have on a child. The possibility that genetics plays a key role in the reasons why people commit crime has been looked at. It is safe to say that most likely, individuals are not propelled in to crime because they were born bad. It is also safe to say that not enough is known about genetics to present a cover conclusion on the matter. From the data shown we know that when people are on drugs such as heroin, they will commit crime.Most individuals commit crime of their own accord. Whether they had a poor upbringing, they live in a problem area, are on drugs or have criminal genes they still commit crimes for personal gain. They are not propelled in to committing anything.

Global Business and Political Forces Case Study Essay

Walgreens Corporation C-Level Executives will have to consider the Global Business and Political Forces associated with their Global International Expansion plans into the Country of brazil-nut tree during the period of (2014-2016). AnalysisThe key issues Walgreens Corporation C-Level Executives pose to face would be attempting a massive global intricacy and creating spic-and-span value innovation at bottom that new global market. The want and need to expand internationally into Brazil might potentially cause the Comp all to lose its current top rated emplacement quo and therefore could risk their Comp eithers name and future success rate if prior strategic planning is not done properly. Current disceptation in the same U.S Market looking to expand internationally such as CVS could also pose and cause a potential threat to Walgreens expansion plans.However, the Brazilian market is even more competitive because Brazilian Companys already know how to operate in that country and a re already familiar with the areas region. Therefore, their capabilities of gaining access to information and expertise about where the high demand for property expansion location sites would be at to open a new booming business concern, stands to be greater than that of other countries outsourced investors or foreign Companys looking to expand.Related assumptionsWalgreens would have to be able to maintain a competitive advantage point globally, so creating an exclusive brand pertaining to that specific region of the country, as well as, maintaining or improving their current Prescription nest egg Club program and product line seems essential to their international expansion success. In order to stay ahead of the game and beat out any competition Walgreens C-Level Executives will need to focus on its core competencies and strengths. These practices are going to be critical when serving a diverse Country, while maintaining Walgreens long tradition of fairness, trust and honesty. ( (2013). Company Overview). AlternativesThere are several alternative actions the C-Level Executives bottom of the inning take that would include the following First, management must actively prise and manage any potential governmental risks involved when making global expansion investment decisions and then continue to monitor those associated risks on a crook basis. Political forces and risks that could impact Walgreens are going to be subject to change, so it wont be considered enough to evaluate those risks lonesome(prenominal) once in advance the decision to invest has been made.Executives of Walgreens must take an active approach and monitor policy-making risks all the time and use those findings to their advantage by applying those methods strategically towards any other investments, operational plans and any other future decisions. Therefore, management over political forces must be implemented into Walgreens operating business practice and processes, in order to prot ect their investments. (PwC Advisory and Eurasia Group.) Secondly, obtaining reliable, accurate information and interpretation of international business risks tend to be roads blocks at times for executives seeking to give away their decision making done evaluation of political risk.Therefore, the use of multiple world-wide sources in which provide up to date, extremely accurate information that has not only been analyzed but also prepared by top risk managers should also be considered as part of an ongoing systematic approach to political risk management. (PwC Advisory and Eurasia Group.) Thirdly, To avoid any future set cover songs from competitors such as CVS and similar Drugstore/Retail chains, Walgreens will need to create and invest in a new value of innovation to enhance their diverse customers experience.I believe Walgreens strengths lies in the fact that they have their own laughable branding style and a high level of ethical quality in the way they perform their busines s practice, so by enhancing their current U.S. incorruptible customer connections over into their potential new global customers they stand a better chance to set themselves apart from CVS and any other competitors they might be faced with along the way. EvaluationInternational partnerships increase challenges but also create new ideas in new markets that can then be translated back to US markets. Because all companies, even primarily domestic ones, are affected by politics to somedegree, all need a baseline of political risk management activity. At a minimum, company management should be aware of how political risks affect business processes, and they should factor these risks into both investment decisions and universal risk management.RecommendationMy suggestion would be that the C-Level Executives when operating internationally should carefully analyze their current approach to political risk management and determine whether it is contribute to their current business performa nce strategy as efficiently or effectively as it could and should be or having and adverse effect, pickings away from it instead. at a time carefully reviewed and evaluated they should find areas for improvement and make changes accordingly to ensure a better business development plan for the following (2014-2016) timeline. ImplementationLong-term sustainable success internationally depends in good part on a companys ability to clutches the implications of political risk and apply them to business risk. By embedding political risk considerations in normal business processes, companies enable management to make better decisions regarding global expansion, sourcing, branding, intellectual property protection, community and government relations, operational structures, and other business issues that arise in complex international markets. (PwC Advisory and Eurasia Group.) ConclusionUltimately, any company looking to expand globally has to be willing to take risks, but its also essent ial to their future developmental successes that before taking that huge leap to expand internally that they arrest extremely aware of the high stacks and potential risks involved. In general, the more a company ventures beyond its home country physically or through outsourcing the more it increases its exposure to political risk.Companies should keep in mind, however, that even a minor investment involving a major risk or opportunity can have a material impact. Sustainable success internationally depends in good part on a companys ability to grasp the implications of political risk and apply them to business risk. Mark Wagner, Walgreens Executive Vice President Operations & Community Management had this to sayOur customers come from all walks of life, and it would be impossible for us to serve them well if we developed identical, instead of individual needs. Ive found the best way to recognize individuality is by taking time to learn about diverse interests and their background. E veryone has needs, wants and expectations and as managers, its our job to develop that strategy and exceed those expectations. (Walgreens outlines strategy to analysts.)

Is the human race on a collision course for its own destruction?

Before I begin I feel that I need to express a point. The point I must(prenominal) make is that this is my opinion about this chosen topic and I hope it result be read with a open mind and not word form d consume before it has been finished.What I would like to discuss in written form is Is the human race on a collision course for its own destruction which needs no further addressment by myself but I feel the need to express a point or two.Human flavour has existed on this planet for a relatively short amount of epoch considering the age of the planet upon which we inhabit. We have evolved on Earth from a simple goo that has been dubbed primordial soup by those ever clever scientists.This fact maybe false by religious standards but it is the most likely solution to the problem of how we came to be. For Christian people we were came to be by an omnipotent being that took out the time to create two people, Adam and Eve, and I think that this is a good example of peoples delusions of supremacy.For thousands of years promptly man and woman have played an overwhelming part in the development of this planet usually with the misconception that Earth is theirs and theirs alone and everything else is just here for argon needs. We have destroyed landscape to accommodate our needs of hoes, farmland and entertainment. This is normally done with little regard for the previous inhabitants be they man or beast, oddly concerning the treatment of native Indians on what is now American soil. All this is done for progress, the usual excuse so that the superior people can beat on the weak.The advancement in technology is aided by the legions of great scientific minds which always seem to be controlled by some military power somewhere in the shadows watching, with interest what it is that is created next. As soon as a more advanced technology is developed it is used to show strength over neighbouring countries be they friend or foe.One of the biggest problems is that all thi s technology can and probably be used to destroy each other as long as they are continually brought under the control of power mongers such as governments run by politicians.To think that our own destruction is a certainty is an stupid opinion to have, there are many variables that could change any future timeline, so who knows what the future will hold for us.There is always the chance for reclamation where humanity will realise that they are in control of their fate and dont have to conform to human natures tendency to try and destroy itself.For those whoa re fans of skill fiction it may be apparent that Earth is either depicted as a world in trouble, with a large population and hemorrhoid of pollution like in such movies as Blade Runner and others. The other side of this point is seen in such programs as Star travel where humanity has been united with the thought that they are not alone in the universe. The program depicts a highly advanced culture that has broke free from the irritating shekels of money and governmental rule.When people realise that there is only one race on Earth and that is the Human Race then they will be able to get along better. Money also presents a problem, thats not to say it should be abolished and communism should take president because it has been shown time and time again that it cannot work in todays world.I think the best thing to do is carry on with existence doing the best you can to make life just a bit easier for yourself and others around. If you can do that I am confident that everything will fall into place and sort itself out.

Compare and contrast between public and private education Essay

Since 1983 public development has been an issue in America. The system of rules has been constantly changing all year with reforms. This constant change has been driven by the American citizenrys perception that grooming has declined and something should be done about it. First there was an increased emphasis on basic skills, fashioning school years longer and more graduation requirements.Second, many another(prenominal) an(prenominal) began focusing on increasing teachers professionalism. Third, they began restructuring many things such as how the schools were organized and how the school day was structured etc. Now today the intimately of the American people believe that not enough money is given to public schooling. They associate pedantic improvement with the money the school is funded. But I believe otherwise. Spending more on genteelness will not improve academic success but diverse teaching methods will. Public education documentation is at an all time high in Ame rica. There is no problem with the funding for schools. There is more of a problem on how the money is distributed.To truly understand the problems of education in America,The United States prides itself on its public education system making it a core value of many families. The level of education a person has will influence their c arer achievements. Americans expect their public system of education to provide a solid curriculum. Most of the people in the United States place their put in the public school system in which they support through taxes. This trust although is contradicted by the public system of educations current shape.Much of the schools in the United States are either deteriorating, or failing all to seizeher. The drawbacks of public education create an unhealthy environment for student learning. Many people think public school can dip their hands into the public treasury for funding if they are ever in need of money however many schools do not qualify to get these funds. The disparate funding for public schools and between states and within metropolitan areas has turned some public schools into meccas for complete students and others into decaying infrastructures with overcrowded classrooms and soaring drop-out rates (

Cat in the Rain Essay

cuckoo in the Rain is a short allegory well-nigh an American couple on holiday to Italy. They are in their first year of marriage. The economise has a dismissive attitude towards the married woman and the wife always wants more. In the story the couple has a lot of selfishness going on in their relationship. The economize ignores his wifes needs and the wife and the wife is not satisfied with her husband. The theme of this story has a lot to do with loneliness in the couples relationship.In this story the American couple is trapped in their hotel board with nothing to do because of the raining weather. The husband wants to rede and ignore his wife. So the wife is look out the window and sees a cat crouched from the rain. She wants to go downstairs and get the cat. She splits her husband round it and he shrugs it off. The wife goes down herself and the story talks a lot about how she likes the inn keeper. I acquire that this part of the story most affected me when the husba nd ignored his wifes wants and needs. She really cherished that cat because it was approximatelything for her to do and feel good about. Her husband obviously doesnt conform to her which makes her feel unfrequented and the cat would keep her comp some(prenominal).The wife in this story wants to feel appreciated and loved like any other woman would. Being married for their first year is beginning to be hard for them. Hemingway tries to tell about a first marriage of a couple he once knew and how hard it is for some to always keep that happiness. Couples always have disagreements but should never feel alone. A husband should not ignore his wifes needs and in this story that is what he does instead of trying to satisfy his wife.Close to the ending of this story the wife was not able to find the cat. She came back in the hotel room very sad. She tries to tell her husband but he does not listen. She starts complaining about what she wants to change about herself. She wants her hair to be long so she can brush it and she wants a cat. The husband can but say that he likes things the way they are. He tells her to shut up. He does not care what the wifes needs are or what she wants. He does not want to listen and he just wants to read which is what he wishes she would do. This part of the story really interested me because I could not get as to why the husband doesnt respond to what she asks for. The wife desperately wants attention and he is not giving it to her.The story of the American couple explains a lot about how the wife tries to get attention from the husband. Hemingway talks about a cat but behind that cat this story means more. The lack of attention her husband gives her may make her feel that she is restricted on expressing herself and keeps most of her feelings inside. The cat tabs compact to stay dry outside, which is how the wife feels she has to be with her husband to make him happy. She hides herself constantly from him. In this story it relates t o her as American wife and never tells her name. This kind of says that she is nothing but an American wife which is exactly how she feels. Hemingway had a erratic way of telling the story but the way he told it had a lot of meaning to it. He showed the couples loneliness in a different way.

Why Agriculture Spread During the Neolithic Revolution

Around 10,000 eld ago, a dramatic transformation encounterred in parts of the Near einsteinium that forever affected the human experience. These were the sparing and aff fitting tilts from catch and throng subsistence strategies, which characterised over 99 per cent of our long tenure on Earth, to ones accenting nourishment fruit and settling low-spirited in sm exclusively villages. This was non an easy transit, nor was it a universal one. Once it occurred, though, it formd the billet of human history. Usually known as the neolithic Revolution. (Simmons 2007 1)There has been much speculation by academics in many disciplines as to the powers wherefore pointory farm was developed and employed throughout the Neolithic revolution and how the syl avant-garde schoolings studd across the globe. However, I regard that on that point be unanimous definitions on twain the Neolithic Revolution and land. Both list to the answer of this essay. I conceptualize the Ne olithic Revolution to be the source pastoral revolution to take place globally, which light-emitting diode to batch becoming sedentary, resorting to farming instead of hunting watch solicitation and peregrine communities. Gupta 2010) Cohen (1977 1) has a similar attitude towards the definition of the Neolithic revolution as he intends it to be, the economic and amicable mixture which witnessed the enactment from hunting and gathering to agriculture as mans major mode of subsistence. Agriculture, as defined by the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (1973), is the science and art of cultivating the soil, including the gathering n of the crops and the rearing of livestock. However, I believe that agriculture includes other aspects, which link in with it to sp annul a penny a in full operating bucolic system.These include, res publica and tameness, both pivotal for agricultural success. gardening is described as, the business of cultivating land and raising stock whil st domestication is described as the action of farming or bringing under control. (More specifically, domestication backside be defined as the evolutionary abut whereby humans modify, either intentionally or unintentionally, the genetic makeup of a people of implants or animals to the extent that individuals wi minute that population lose their ability to survive and produce offspring in the unsub dued Blumler and Byrne 1991 24). (Barker 2006 2) Simmons (2007) concurs that the Neolithic revolution was a transformation of the economic system at the time, but it was also a kind change in how solid viands was lend oneselfd and viewed in differing modal values. To fully understand the dissemble of agriculture to Neolithic societies, I will mapping case studies to highlight my points. These will include the Fertile rounded of the Near East, believed to be the first-year place where the use of agriculture has been found as Barker (ibid 11) suggests that the first farming would arouse started in the Near East.However, I will also be victimisation case studies from Africa, specifically the Ethiopian Highlands and the Kuk Swamp in Papua red-hot Guinea. As Cohen mentions that the just about striking fact about too soon agriculture, however, is precisely that it is such(prenominal) a universal event (1977 5) therefore, it will be interest to discuss the reasons wherefore such rapid dispersion of agricultural festering occurred across the Neolithic world. wherefore did the people around 10,000 years ago resort to a tonic way of life and with revolutionary shipway of feeding?A way of life that was completely different from the people before them who had undertook hunting and gathering to feed themselves a way of life that led to the descent of agriculture and turning from mobile to non-mobile communities forager societies that had been, relatively unchanged since the depths of the Ice Age. (Bogucki 1999 191) There are many reasons that archaeologis ts have discussed about why this transition occurred in what has been coined as The Neolithic Revolution. There are many reasons why this transition occurred and I will explore many of these reasons.I will be looking at the reasons that are incarnate in Barbara stark(a)s (1986) three main model types, which show the transition of foraging to the exertion of food in an agricultural disposition. Push, Pull and social models are utilise by Stark which create an comprehensive effect on the main underlying reasons which shadower be incorporated to fully explore the reasons why agriculture began and how it spread across the globe. When there is stress on a population, it groundwork widen to the population creation pushed to protect themselves to procure that the stress does non damage them.These stresses, in the practice of agricultural causation include population pressure and/or climate change. The stress imposed on the population could have led to the makening of agricult ure creation used. (Stark 1986) Many archaeologists have discussed reasons why agriculture began under this umbrella of a push model. Childe (1936) began much of the work on the origins of agriculture by ontogenesis the Oasis-Propinquity theory a theory that incorporated a substantial climaticalalal change at the end of the Pleistocene, which had a major effect on how animals, plants and humans operated to feed.Childe created the Oasis-Propinquity theory because he believed that this climatic change caused the areas, commence in the Near East, especially the Fertile Crescent, to be sum up arid and dry, thus becoming discontinues. Simmons (2007 11-12) survey that the new desert conditions of the Near East was causing plants and animals to die or they were becoming scarce. Without the presence of water nearby to to the highest degree of the humans, plants and animals in the Near East and North Africa, it led to the congregation of these creatures to areas where water was avai lable, such as the desert oases in the Near East.The close proximity that the plants, animals and humans had to undertake daily, it eventually led to the domestication of plants and animals. (Simmons 2007 Bogucki 1999 Pluciennik and Zvelebil 2009) Childe (1936 77) considers that humans, plants and animals all became united in an effort to circumvent the dreadful power of the drought. The Oasis-Propinquity theory by Childe is unless half of the story as to why agriculture began in the Near East. With this theory in mind, the domestication of plants would have been tending to and re-planting year after year.This would have led to the creation of well-nigh form of agricultural ideas and system that would have to be used to ensure that the educated crops bear be utilised to their optimum. This aboriginal system of agricultural development would have had to be moulded into the systems that provided substantively greater quantities of food that would be able to sustain a population that would have been outgrowth because of the change into a sedentary lifestyle. When Childe produced the theory in 1936, his investigations would have been one of the key reasons as to why agriculture developed. despite whitewash existence a key argument in the origin of agriculture, other academics and present that has come to light since Childes Man makes Himself. Bogucki (1999 186-187) mentions, The fuss is there is no evidence of widespread desiccation during the period in question mingled with 15,000 and 10,000 years ago. Paleoclimatic and geomorphological evidence of Braidwoods Iraq-Jarmo project came to the conclusion supporting Boguckis (1999) claim that of no evidence of widespread desiccation. (Watson 1995) As Simmons (2007 13) suggests that these projects found no support for Childes claim of desiccation. This lack of evidence produces a significant amount of doubt to the Oasis-Propinquity. If there wasnt a global change in climatic behaviour, it cannot be assumed that dry conditions occurred which issueed in the congregations at oases. Also, Childes work puts emphasis on the domestication of primarily animals at the oases and does not hold the beginnings of plant domestication, which inevitably lead to agriculture, in high call for and it was not accredited in his work. (Watson 1995 Bogucki 1999)Despite Simmons (2007 12) mentioning that Childes model is frequently acted as one of the origins of agriculture, I believe that due to the climatic evidence of the time disagreeing with the theory of major climatic change resulting in dry and arid conditions, the Oasis-Propinquity theory does not hold as much regard with the origins of agriculture. I touch sensation that other reasons incorporated in the push model have a much greater fix than Childes theory. I believe that the evidence found throughout the Fertile Crescent proves a scatty of substance for the Oasis-Propinquity speculation and could provide evidence against it.Through the Fer tile Crescent, establishments and the societies built up within have no been on major waterways (apart from Jericho), which diminishes the theory. This is because the domestication of all the wonderful resources occurred without the need for a congregation of plants, animals and humans in a small area surrounding oases. The speed of domestication of Einkorn for example, showed that this congregation did not need to occur. Einkorn could be domesticated easily due to a number of genetic loci that it was able.Wild cereals and Einkorn had very similar ancestors, which allowed domestication to occur quite easily in the Crescents. (Zohary and Hopf 1993) This shows how significant other theories were in apprehension the origins of agriculture. The craggy Flanks Theory was produced to at once contest Childes theory. Braidwood was not enthused with the Oasis-Propinquity theory and did not hold it in high regard despite it creation one of the significant and key models for the origins o f agriculture, and pursued answers for the agricultural origin elsewhere. Braidwood 1960 Braidwood and Howe 1960) The Hilly Flanks Theory was created because Braidwood thought that the best place to look for beforehand(predicate) domestication was where the habitats of the wild precursors of wheat, barley, sheep and goats overlapped. With desiccation and other widespread climatic changes discounted as a proximal cause of agriculture, Braidwood sought an explanation in human behaviour. He suggested that food production in the Old World emerged in accredited nuclear zones in the arc of the bruiser and Zagros mountains of the Near East known as the Fertile Crescent. Bogucki 1999 187) I believe that his view on agricultural origins held a decent basis, as it feels indispensable for first gardenings by farmers on cereals within their natural habitat. (Miller 1992 49) Braidwoods theory was ground, quite simply, on that the habitats of the Hilly Flank became so familiar to the peopl e who lived there, that they started to domesticate the plants and animals that lived there in their natural habitats. Archaeological sites in Papa New Guinea, especially in the upper berth Wahgi Valley, hold evidence for this theory.The importance of the sites in this region cannot be understated because the evidence that has been found as it showed agricultural developments without any significant evidence to suggest social transformations. Therefore, it can be assumed that people relocated to areas of natural wild resources to undergo animal and plant exploitation (Denham 2011). Without evidence for climatic change, this highlights significant headway in the Hilly Flanks theory. As Simmons (2007 14) suggests that the people on the Hilly Flank had to become settled in by groups who came to understand and manipulate plants and animals around them. From Braidwoods work on the Hilly Flank Theory, there are many assumptions to be make about the origins of the first agricultural sys tems and I believe that the Hilly Flank Theory holds significant worth to the argument. I believe that it would be sensible for the first farmers to begin cultivating land that they foraged on and/ or lived on as mobile communities. I think this because the raw materials were already en situ and the farmers did not have to relocate anywhere else. However, with this i accordist notion of being sensible views can only be mentioned due to indsight and the difference in culture that we see in our western cultures today. It essential be noted that with over two millennia of the populations on earth being hunter-gatherers and foragers, the idea of becoming a sedentary farmer would have been very alien to them. Braidwoods work on the Hilly Flanks Theory and the subsequent dismissal of Childes Oasis-Propinquity theory resulted in a significant change in the way agricultural origins were looked at and discussed. However, I believe that the push model had a significant result on why the orig ins of agriculture were continually discussed.I also must consider population pressure as an measurable argument for the origins of agriculture. In the early transitional period that occurred during the Neolithic Revolution could have been that many of the populations that existed changed from being mobile communities to becoming sedentary non-mobile communities. The population that the mobile communities had was in relation to the mobility and flexibility of hunter-gatherer organisation ( car park 1980 lee 1972). Green (1980) discusses that population pressure is because of the decrease (or lack of) logistical mobility.When the population causes an effect on the mobility and flexibility, it can be assumed that the sedentary lifestyle was adopted. It could be argued that with a sedentary lifestyle, the population of the community could ontogeny exponentially as Bellwood (2005 23) says, any major increase in the degree of sedentism would have encouraged a growing population, via shorter birth intervals, and would also have placed a greater strain on food supplies and other resources in the immediate vicinity of the campsite or village.This resulted in the development of Binfords (1968) Population shrinkure model, which Argued that once people (the early Vatutian in the run off) became sedentary, populations inevitably change magnitude, leading to an increasing use of locally available plant foods, such as cereals, that had previously been considered bare(a). From this intensive use of cereals, and the applied science ass65ociated with this processing, a regular cycle of plants and harvesting occurred, ultimately resulting in domestication. (Simmons 2007 15)This increase in the population could have been down to a number of reasons including an improve and more regularity in diets, increased life expectancy and fertility, greater protection from diseases and the need for more people to assist in seasonal harvests of wild plants (Simmons 2007 14-15 Bell wood 2005). Flannery (1969) elaborated that on Binfords Population Pressure model, as Miller (1992 49) mentions that Flannery suggested that subsistence changes that took place prior to agriculture during the kind spectrum revolution, could have been a response to population growth in the marginal zone.A significant population increase can cause dramatic effects on the resources of the surrounding area. It would have come to the point that a foraging and hunter-gathering participation no longer has the ability to provide resources for the whole population and leads people to try and find other sources for the resources. These resources, which provide the basis for sustaining life, could be pushed into ambitions for the resources. With such competition, I believe that with the knowledge that resources would eventually run out, the population would have resorted to basic domestication of plants and animals for more reliable sources of resources. Neilson 2006) In times where press ures on the population seem great, the adoption of agriculture can lead to too much stress being inflicted on the availability of resources on the population. Stark (1986) emphases that this could create a pushing grammatical constituent onto the population into agriculture. Without the push into agriculture, the population would have ceased to exist. Despite population pressure having a obvious impact on the ability for sufficient resources to be gained from hunter-gathering, it could have lead to the adoption of agriculture.However, some do not value the Population Pressure theory and believe it inadequate as an explanation because for it necessary the increased population must be a purely local phenomenon which cannot exist without locational factors or constraints (Bronson 1975 74). Sauer (1952) also believes with Bronson that a resource crisis due to pressures on the population due to a significant increase was not a highlighted reason for the genesis of agriculture. Sauer mak es it known that the transition that occurred in the Neolithic was due to an altering relationship and the interaction between culture and the environment.This could lead to assumptions that Sauer did not believe that the transition developed out of a lack of food and resources to the ever-growing population. Green (1980) also argues that population growth does not necessarily precondition either establishment or increased economic productivity. As innovation would have to be the precondition to agricultural development, Greens argument provides significantly altering evidence, which could lead to a different viewpoint on the origins of agriculture.This change in the relationship with culture and environment led to Starks extend model. This cultural change that Sauer discussed had the ability to leave people into adopting the agricultural way of life, discarding the old hunter-gathering way of life. The pull model was based on a shift towards an extraordinary reliance on specifi c resources, which led to an alteration in the relationship between humans, animals and plants. This reliance ensured that the population was pulled into agriculture (Stark 1986).The pull model also put emphasis on the technological innovation that was developed pre-agriculture and such technology pulled the population into the uses of agriculture and to benefit from such implementation of agriculture. The pull model prevents a group from reverting to its earlier pattern of resource use and this can be why, in the eyes of those who believe the pull model was the reason for agricultural development, that the pull model was so successful, effectively pulling those in further along in advancement. Donald Henry (1989) proposed a pull model for agricultural arising in the Near East.In his view, there were two key moments in the process of agricultural origins in the Levant. The first occurred around 10,500 BC when a global temperature increase promoted long-term colonization and necessi tated a shift from what Henry calls simple foraging to complex foraging. A variety of high-yield resources, including wild cereals, were exploited, and restraints on population growth were relaxed. About 2000 years later, this complex foraging system collapsed possibly as the result of a second climatic change, and the foragers had two options, depending on where they lived.In the highly productive areas of the Levant, where the highest populations were, they began to cultivate cereals. In the marginal areas, people reverted to a simple foraging system. (Bogucki 1999 190) Henrys continuation on Starks pull model shows that he believes that environmental pull factors resulted in the origins of agriculture. This is especially clear in the Levant where location dominated the resource development, for example either hunter gathering and foraging or shade and domestication resulting in agriculture.It can be assumed that the majority of highly populated areas of the Levant went to shad e and that led to the growth of domestic dwellings. Those in marginal areas would have shifted towards domestic dwellings instead of staying as a mobile community. I also believe that technological advancement had a significant impact on the origins of agriculture and the further development of agricultural ways of life. Diamond (1997a) hold technological advancement as one of three linked developments which can be included within Starks pull model to try and develop a reason for the agricultural genesis.Technological development allowed people greater ways to collect, process and store foods (Simmons 2007 21), which is crucial when harvesting and cultivating is used to process foods and store the years amount of food. Without this development ensuring significantly greater storage capabilities, it causes hunting and gathering daily obsolete. Technological advances created developments, which could be used to bolt down or displace hunter/gatherers (ibid 21-22). With violence being a consequence of technology, it would have force those hunter-gatherers into some form of agricultural developments just to survive.Technological advances started to produce greater items for warfare that were superior to what hunter-gatherers were using, mainly for the collection of resources, not fighting. Also, the other variables within Diamonds reasons for the origins were that there was a significant drop in species that used to be wild and resulted in the human occupation of available habitats in order to decrease the risk of unpredictability (ibid 21). With the moderate of wild species, the only option for the population would be to occupy their habitats to ensure that food could be hunted.However, by moving into the habitats were wild species were growing and living, it would have led to significant domestication of the species to ensure that the food is of all time present. However, there is some opposition to pull models, as Green (1980) says that invention-pull models, which attributed agricultural change to technological innovation which resulted in considerations of agricultural change being dependent on technological innovation were considered non explanatory because they did not deal with the causes of innovation.By being pulled into a change, populations would not be able to revert back to their earlier systems of gathering and hunting for food. However, others believe that social changes had a significant impact on the agricultural origins and were developed as one of Starks models for agricultural origins the social model. Within the social model, there are legion(predicate) theories as to the origin of agriculture, however, all the theories, as Bender (1978) emphasised and found that social changes acted independent of technology and economy to create pressures in production (Simmons 2007 18).Similar to Bender, Tilley (1996) also believes that greater social and ideologic beliefs and their significance contend an overwhelming part in th e domestication of food rather than economic reasons. The theories that are under the umbrella of the social model are based on social development and competition. Competition feasting was a key theory set forward for the social model.It represents food as power and has been categorised as the food fight model (Simmons 2007 18) by both proponents and critics (Hayden 1995 282 Smith 2001 218-221) With certain individuals accumulating surpluses of food, these could be transformed into items with value. With the accumulation of surplus food, it would allow people to create feasts for the population. The individuals creating the feast would be held in higher regard in the community because it shows people who were generating the most food for the population.Feasting is a key part of the social model assumption that the Neolithic revolved around food in one way or another it seems somehow grab that feasting be considered as a reasons for its origin (Simmons 2007 18-19). By feasting, it was the first aspect of competition within communities. Competitive feasting would have been used as a method for the development and integrating of power. Competition is a very important aspect of human society as it leads to the best being in positions of power. Within the Neolithic, extra resources must be utilised to ensure that power, influence and status is promoted and competed for. Feasting, put exchange, trade, and other forms of codified, often ritualised contact (Pluciennik and Zvelebil 2009 469) are the main ways for people to promote their own standings. This progress of peoples own standards resulted in the need for extra resources beyond their dietary needs in the immediate timescale. This would result in overproduction. Overproduction by hunting and gathering would have got significantly harder with the climatic ever so slightly changing during the early Neolithic.Therefore, agriculture, a more intensive system of exploitation (ibid 469) must be adopted to ensure overproduction can occur. Hayden (1995) believes that the need for private-enterprise(a) feasting lead to the first domestication of both plants and animals for the production of extra foodstuffs. With the use of food designated as prestige items, the accumulators could spend their rivals in the consolidation of power (ibid). Runnels and van Andel (1988) have suggested that social customs, such as trade and competitive feasting would have led to motives for food production.Cowgill (1975) mentions that the more food an individual produces, the greater social and semipolitical power they possess. This analogy perfectly shows how important food was within a competitive environment and was used significantly to gain the upper hand. Without the implementation of agriculture, the excess food would not have been able to be produced and the ability to gain competitive edge over other individuals would have been diminished. As Miller (1992 51) says, cultivation was to ensure a reliable f ood supply or to increase their food supply to satisfy growing social or dietary needs.However, Hayden has also put an argument across that does not believe the social model to be a significant reason for agriculture to begin. Hayden (1990 57-62, 1992 13) mentions that the social model could not have resulted in a Neolithic revolution to occur immediately as a mickle of arguments believe happened. Hayden comments include the fact that a new culture of sharing food would have interpreted a large amount of time to implement and the fist domesticated plants and animals would not have been appropriate for daily consumption due to his belief that they would have been delicacies.Despite this, I find this argument extremely thin and in my opinion, find it difficult to dismiss such a inquisitive social model, which, due to the change in social behaviour in the Neolithic, could have been very likely to occur, especially when the Neolithic was an ideological phenomenon, a new way of cerebra tion (Simmons 2007 20). I find that the Neolithic was an era where new ideologies and cultures were being developed and implemented globally throughout the Neolithic on an unprecedented scale.The arguments about how and why agriculture was developed and adopted throughout the globe in the Neolithic have produced very different and sometimes contradictory reasons why the origins of agriculture occurred. However, no one can deny the importance that agriculture had on the world as a whole and the impacts that it had to society as a whole. The impact that agriculture had, in my opinion, is unprecedented and extremely important to how we live in the society today. I can assume that most academics on the topic of agriculture believe that the impact of its adoption during the Neolithic was massively important to the world.Cole (1967 ix) made this quite clear by saying, the development of full food production was an evolution rather than a sudden revolution yet there is no doubt that the co nsequences of this change were revolutionary in the fullest sense of the world and as Pluciennik and Zvelebil (2009 467) also put forward the idea that the adoption of agriculture was one of revolutionary proportions, a quantum leap in human history, and the basis for the development of widespread societal characteristics, both advantageously and bad. There are many main impacts that can be connected to the implementation of agriculture as the main characteristic of subsistence. By domesticating both plants and animals, it led to increased sedentism, smaller social units, individual domiciles, enthronisation in burial ritual and trade (Bogucki 1999 191), specialisation in diet was also encouraged by the localisation of agricultural production (Rindos 1984 270) and populations practicing agriculture come to be more successful relative to both domesticating and on-domesticatory. These populations not only will be mainly larger but will also be dispersing at far greater rates than p opulations that are not practicing agriculture (ibid 267). Pluciennik and Zvelebil (2009 467) mention that the impacts include sedentism, population growth, certain endemic diseases, social and political hierarchies, literacy, cities, specialised arts and crafts, widespread environmental degradation, extensive trade, property, laws, morality, and more generally civilisation. It could be very easy to use these and suggest the impacts that agriculture had on todays society, without thinking about the immediate impacts that occurred to the Neolithic society when agriculture was implemented. When agriculture was implemented in the early Neolithic, it can be assumed this would have led to a population increase due to the majority of early farmers becoming settled and becoming sedentary, resulting in a decrease in mortality rates due to better diets and better immune systems.With improved sedentary conditions, population numbers would begin to increase at a much quicker rate, putting sign ificant pressure on food stores, resulting with the need for improved agricultural efficiency and crop numbers. This continues the cycle of population increase, greater sedentary conditions and thus, more agriculture. However, in the play down of this cycle, an evolution of social, economic and religious (Bogucki 1999) norms would have occurred changing the culture of the Neolithic significantly.With the culture changing eer to include agriculture, it would have led to the societies having a greater involvement with agriculture especially when it became the main and/or only way for food to be acquired. The agricultural revolution led to the societies throughout the globe being hit by these impacts and resulting in a totally different world, and in the grand scheme, the beginnings of agriculture and the beginning of the Neolithic revolution could be argued to be the beginnings of civilisation, as we know it today.The impacts that agriculture had on societies throughout the last-pl ace 10,000 years are unprecedented and the effects of which are still seen today with some arguing that without agriculture, the world, as we know it in the modern time would not be the same. Social, economic, and political complexity would not have emerged without the existence of agriculture (ibid 203)To conclude, in the last 30 years, archaeologists have made considerable progress towards understanding the origins of agriculture, but the question of why prehistoric people made the transition from foraging to farming is still elusive (ibid 191) pinpointing one reason for why agriculture was adopted would be impossible. However, in my opinion, I believe that understanding why agriculture was developed, a number of reasons must be acknowledged and inter-link to fully look into the true reasons why agriculture was developed during the Neolithic revolution.The push, pull and social models that were established by Stark (1986) provided the most efficient way of trying to understand why agriculture was developed and it led to a significant advance in the way of thinking for its origins. However, in the 1990s, social factors had begun to assume blow in attempts to explain the origins of agriculture, although push and pull models still have considerable importance (Bogucki 1999 190).I believe that the social model provides more all-round reasons for agricultural origins, especially competitive feasting which provided an activity for the whole society to undertake together, thus, producing the beginnings of a society, and trade. This would increase in importance with the development and the increase of more sedentary populations. Despite this, I also feel that the push and pull models are very important. Without population pressures and some climatic change, agriculture would never have been produced.In my opinion, agriculture created the easiest and most efficient way for agriculture to spread and disperse across the globe through trade. Socially, trade was very important within a society, but in the greater picture, it played a much more important role in its dispersal. With the increase in trade, societies would have improved in prosperity and developed. Without agriculture, this would not have been possible. This leads to how much of an impact agricultural development and its adoption had on societies across the globe.Without food production from agriculture, cultural advancements leading to the growth of urban areas, including technological, economic and political developments, which eventually led to the modern societies, we know today (Simmons 2007 Diamond 1997a). The impact that agriculture had on societies cannot be measured electronically, scientifically or any other way because the impacts are on an unprecedented scale impacts spanning from one corner of the globe to the other and affecting everything.With the beginning of agriculture came the beginning of the New World, a world of new culture, beliefs and ways of life, economic, political and technological change and developments, resulting in the way we are today. Food production triggered the emergence of kings, bureaucrats, scribes, professional soldiers, and metal workers and other full time craftsmen. Literacy, metallurgy, stratified societies, advanced weapons, and empires rested on food production. (Diamond 1997b) Word Count 5298 Bibliography Barker, G. (2006) The agricultural revolution in prehistory why did foragers become farmers?UK Oxford University Press Bellwood, P. (2005) First farmers the origins of agricultural societies. UK Blackwell issue Ltd Bender, B. 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